https://repozytorium.ukw.edu.pl///handle/item/4156 2026-04-05T19:56:31Z https://repozytorium.ukw.edu.pl///handle/item/4612 Myślenie w żywiole wolności. Józefa Tischnera wizja wolności jako determinanty liberalnej demokracji Rogowski, Waldemar Retrospective consideration of the Józef Tischner’s political writing permits us to think about him as a philosopher of liberty. He considered this idea as connected with man’s ability and activity in work altering world. The idea of liberty always was a subject of livery discussions. Tischner understood that liberal formulation of liberty is the most important and basic social value. However, philosopher from Cracov perceived that a freedom defined as an opportunity of unembarrassed man acting, it can also be a cause of his dilemmas, problems or fear, particularly during the political system transformation. The Tischner’s Homo sovieticus caused the man nostalgia for power of communism and simultaneous the lack of responsibility for his own life. Liberty turned out with unfortunate gift. Also the representants of Catholic Church hierarchy distrustfully treated the liberal conception of liberty. Józef Tischner criticized these fears, defining his vision of liberty as way of the existence of good. The Tischner’s conception of positive liberty was an answer for a negative liberty presented by classic liberals. Cracovian thinker’s view enrolls in Christian thought, connected with objective norms as well as idea of common good. The good state idea should base on freedom instead of anarchy nor the negation of constitutional values, political orders introduced in man's life. It is necessary to build the social structures leaning on membership in social community and political structures based on law and idea of liberty. 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repozytorium.ukw.edu.pl///handle/item/4611 Johna Graya krytyka podstaw modernistycznych i postmodernistycznych projektów politycznych Polakowski, Marcin Gray identifies modernity as a political trend, which has reached its developed expression in the Enlightenment political project, based on a rational reconstruction of morality, the idea of progress, secularization of politics and applying natural sciences methods to studying politics. The decline of the political Enlightenment, however, effected in some political disasters of the 20th century and left emptiness in the ideological space of western politics. Enlightenment project of a universal civilization demystificate not only premodern conceptions of political order, but also undermine itself and broke main intelectual western traditions. Political postmodernism, which is answer to this situation, inherits also some western conceptions like humanism embodied in emancipations tendencies or universalization of the liberal order. According to Gray’s thought, only radical attempt to theorize without typical western prejudices can be appropriate answer to late modern political and social reality. 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repozytorium.ukw.edu.pl///handle/item/4610 Współczesne interpretacje kategorii „narodu" - wprowadzenie do problematyki Kuczur, Tomasz Variety and ambiguity of concepts, definitions and terms referring to “nation” is extremely vast. At the same time it is also constantly aggrandized by the researchers in the field themselves. While interpreting the concept they “apply” already existing views which leads to even greater chaos in selecting the basic categories necessary for defining the concept. The concept of “nation” cannot be precisely pinpointed based only on experiences or on free decisions. At the same time it is not an absolute or static concept which sense can be defined once and it will never change. Nation, in some apprehension, is the same as the history of nations which can be defined as changing with time and space relation of “us” which leads to defined concept of “we”. Therefore in order to be able to understand “nation” we need to understand its “historic drama” in which the “nation” has been taking part. The problem with the above conclusion is that there is no nation’s drama as nations- there are rather dramas of individual nations. Therefore in order to define the nature of a nation one should infer from nations’ dramas, which is some kind of a historical abstraction, and which will always be treated as a “more or less” concept. 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://repozytorium.ukw.edu.pl///handle/item/4609 Zrównoważony rozwój - od idei do polityki Wodzikowski, Czesław In the sixties of the last century there appear the first publications and case studies challenging the current model of development. They pointed the global threats which it may cause. Interpenetration of these threats, causing in effect their strengthening, resulted in a real threat of an ecological catastrophe to an unprecedented scale, so far, because a global scale. The mankind began to realize that this is the effect of the existing trends in development of civilization which led to a huge disproportion between the desire of making the largest increase in production and consumption, and possibilities regarding the raw materials and regeneration of the Earth. The deepening divisions into the poor and rich were not without significance as well. Deepening of these factors led on one hand to the apathy and social pathologies, on the other hand – led to a new fanatical ideology creation, to the extremist movements and terrorism formation. A vision of a global outbreak of war with the use of mass destruction weapons was also terrifying. These phenomena, on account of the potential threats, became a subject of interest by the international politics run by the United Nations and its departments. As a result, there arose a new concept of a global development, which is now called a balanced development. 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z